In the context of environmental toxicology, what does 'heavy metal' Essay

In the context of environmental toxicology, what does 'heavy metal' actually mean - Essay Example However, this assumption has no fundamental basis on the available toxicological or chemical data. Legal regulations have specified an inventory of heavy metals applied in various situations. There is no definition that is authoritative in literatures that are relevant. There is a tendency of assuming that all heavy metals in conjunction with their compounds have properties that are highly eco-toxic or toxic. Arguably, this assumption has no prove in toxicological or chemical data. Hence, the term heavy metal is misleading and meaningless. Furthermore, the word metal is also misused in legislation and toxicological data. In these literatures it is used to mean a metal that is pure and the entire species chemical in which it occurs. This is untrue because, all pure metals can not exhibit similar toxicological and chemical properties. For purposes of avoiding the term heavy metal, there is need for reclassification of the periodic table as people refer to the term heavy metal as mislea ding and meaningless. The change in classification should mirror individuals understanding of toxicity chemical basis and provide room for the prediction of toxic impacts. Classification of heavy metals The increased worry on environmental pollution reduction has triggered the continued literature and research on heavy metals toxicology (Rabajczyk et al., 2011). Heavy metals emit their toxic substances through the formation of complexes with compounds that are organic. These eventually results to formation of modified biological molecules that lose their functioning ability. The outcome is affected cell malfunction or death. The most common heavy metals that form organic compounds that are complex are such as oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. Classification of heavy metals is done depending on which class it lies. For example class A belong to the hard metals, class be identifies soft metals and lastly we have the intermediate metals. Heavy metals such as Mercury, Lead and cadmium fall u nder class B which represents soft metals. On the other hand chromium is an intermediate metal. The classification of these metals varies depending on their chemical formula. How Heavy Metal Occurs in the Environment Through causes that are both anthropogenic and natural, heavy metals find their way into the environment. The major emission causes are human sources such as mining operations. Heavy metals are exposed into the environment in forms that are both inorganic and organic. Anthropogenic sources of emissions occur from both point and non-point sources such as industrial areas such as present and previous sites of mining, smelters and foundries and by-products and traffics combustion. The pollution of the environment by heavy metals is acute in mining locations and it decreases as the distance widens from those mining sites. The heavy metals are often leached into the soil and ground water. Those in sloppy areas find their way into the water bodies through surface runoff. The heavy metals eventually attach themselves to the sediments whilst some leak into the waters underground resulting to their contamination. Underground and surface water sources heavy metal contamination leads to soil pollution. Exposure of the heavy metals to air and rain is via dumping on the surface soil. Pollution of Agricultural soils results to the uptake of the heavy metals by plants resulting to their accumulation in the plant tissues. These consequently happen to those marine animals and domestic

Problems of Conducting Research Into the Causes of Stress Essay Example for Free

Problems of Conducting Research Into the Causes of Stress Essay One problem when conducting research into the causes of stress is the generalisation of the sample, if the sample is restricted; this has limitations in terms of generalising the results to the total population. In the study by Johansson, a sample of only 24 workers was used and from a specific job type. This sample is unreflective of all job types and is too small to be applicable to the general population. Conclusions made may only be relevant to this sample. However it could be argued that the factors that cause stress in jobs such as deadlines and the dependence of others on you are common in all types of jobs and therefore using a sample of the specific job type becomes less restricted and applicable to other people in jobs with common stressors. A second problem when conducting research into causes of stress is the validity of measurements. Validity refers to whether the results measure what they are supposed to measure and this is often affected by the research method. The self report method is often questioned in terms of validity as participants have the ability to give socially desirable answers and steer away from the truth. In the study by Kanner, questionnaires were posted out to participants and a Hassles and uplifts scale was asked to be completed every month for 9 months and the Berkman life events scale after 10 months. This study, due to the use of self report lacks in validity, as researches are unsure as to whether data obtained reflects the true opinions of participants, which is an issue when trying to apply to everyday life. However the self report method is useful, despite it lacking in validity. It gives participants the freedom to write about their own subjective feelings and due to stress being individually perceived differently, it is useful in tailoring treatment to individuals to meet their needs. A third problem is reductionism, studies often reduce many factors that cause an individual stress to one factor, such as in the case of Johansson study, it was concluded work was the source of stress. However individual factors such as personality could play a role, researchers do not know that stress prone individuals are more likely to be in a high risk job. By failing to take into account other factors, resources and time may be used in the wrong area. However reductionism is useful as it does pinpoint an area that causes stress and allows in-depth research to be carried out to help participants.

Dead Poet society :: essays research papers

â€Å"I want to make them free thinkers† says Mr Keating to Mr McAllister. This essay will define the meaning of â€Å"free thinker†, its importance to the young men of Mr Keating's class, the meaning of Mr Keating's statement and finally the different impacts that this new way of thinking has on the boys. A â€Å"Freethinker† as defined by The Macquarie Dictionary is â€Å"someone who forms their opinions independently of authority or tradition, especially in matters of religion†. Therefore a free thinker is someone who can produce ideas for themselves and is not solely reliant on the thoughts and actions of others to predetermine their life path. To pass from childhood to adulthood is usually an adjustment from following the rules and regulations of figures in society such as parents and teachers to making conscience independent decisions about future actions based on one's own beliefs and ideas. Often this pathway is a difficult voyage and those who go through are usually aided by mentors that they can get guidance from. Mr Keating in the Dead Poets Society was such a mentor for a group of confused young men who had been used to convention and stifling of creativity and freethinking all of their time at Welton Preparatory School for Boys. What Mr Keating means by â€Å"i want to make them free thinkers† is that he wants the young men of his English class all to live a fulfilled life and to do this they must stop following the set structure like a herd of sheep following one and another For example in the movie â€Å"Dead Poet Society† when Mr Keating gets all the boys within his English class to ripe out the introduction entitled â€Å"Understanding Poetry† by Dr. J. Evans Pritchard, Ph.D. Evans explains Poetry by being able to be graded on a graph to determan if a poem is good or not. Mr Keating gets the boys to understand that you can not tell if a poem is good or not by a graph but by how much it means to you and the way it makes you feel. This is becoming a free thinker not using a set structure but actually understanding and appreciating it. He also believes that you can not set an age where free thinking should begin and it should be something that happens all throughout life. For the boys t o learn and accomplish the things that Mr Keating wants them to within his class, they must think with there minds and not using a book.

Used Cooking Oil as Candle

Used Cooking Oil as an Additive Component of Candle Abstract The study aims to produce a low-priced, high-quality candle by using used cooking oil as a major component. The following candle compositions were used: 100 percent paraffin wax; 90 percent paraffin and 10 percent oil; 80 percent paraffin and 20 percent oil; 70 percent paraffin and 30 percent oil; 60 percent paraffin and 40 percent oil; 50 percent paraffin and 50 percent oil. The firmness, texture, and light intensity of the candles were tested and compared. Results of the tests showed that the candle made from 100 percent paraffin wax had the lowest melting rate, lowest amount of melted candle, and a light intensity of 100 candelas (cd). The 90:10 preparation had the next lowest melting rate and amount of melted candle. The other preparations ranked according to the proportion of used cooking oil in the candle, with the 50:50 preparation performing least comparably with the 100 percent paraffin wax candle. Introduction Today, candles are made not only for lighting purposes but for many other uses such as home decor, novelty collections, as fixtures for big occasions (weddings, baptismals, etc. ), and as scented varieties for aromatherapy. Candles are made from different types of waxes and oils. Cooking oil is a major kitchen item in Filipino households. It is also used substantially in fast-food outlets, where it is used in different stages of food preparations. Ordinarily, used cooking oil is discarded. This waste oil pollutes and clogs canals and sewerage systems

Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil Essay

Question 8: Danny Hansford is only one of the many people whose violent deaths we learn about in the course of Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil. Judging by their stories, what does Savannah (or Savannah society) deem grounds for murder? Why are so few of Jim William’s friends disturbed by the charges against him? Given the casualness with which Savannahians greet the Hansford case, why are they so shocked by the news [p. 333] that their city has been declared the murder capital of the United States? *Answer: In the beginning, Jim goes over the deaths that have happened in Savannah; while the others are blinded by their selfishness. For example: One of the stories known in the Savannah’s society is the death of the judge’s son. It all started when the son of the judge had an imitate relationship with the gangster’s girl; sooner or later the alpha finds out about these rendezvous. As a result, the gangster shot the boy and took his â€Å"manhood† with him. The following days, the young fellow recovered swiftly with his testicles by his side but unfortunately the doctors couldn’t repair a broken heart. At last, his misery ended when he collapsed on the front porch, breathing his last breath as Death took his life. The death of this boy was disregarded by the Savannah’s society; showing no empathy/ emotions towards his death. The few friends of Jim were disturbed because rumors have it that Jim was homosexual and had a sexual relationship with Danny Hansford (***Remember, the Savannah’s society was old-fashioned and didn’t believe in these kinds of relations. ) The Savannahians were shocked about their murder rate because in their minds, they thought they had an outlined of 1,000 untroubled suburbanites not sufficient to raise their murder rate. They were positive that the statistics was a mistake. Savannah had 54 murders/ or 22. 6 murders per 100,000 Savannah’s society blamed the deaths on the African Americans because 91% of their population was blacks. Works Cited Berendt, John. Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil. Random House, 1994.

Slow Drivers Essay Example

Slow Drivers Essay Example Slow Drivers Essay Slow Drivers Essay Have you ever been trapped behind a slow driver when you’re already late for something really important? Nine times out of ten the driver was an elderly person, who has no business being on the road. How many times have you asked yourself, â€Å"What is this person doing? † And how many times have you passed this person, and come to find out it’s a grandma or grandpa? If there is a person who can barely see over the steering wheel, has 3-inch thick glasses, and has poor motor skills, they should not be operating a vehicle. These are the older generation, so to speak, of people that should not be driving. I’m not sure when a human being should have their driving privileges suspended, but I’m guessing around age 75 to 90 years old, depending on the case. Not all elderly drivers are a danger to our community, but there are more so than not. There are these aged drivers who are driving so slow and erratic, it’s causing frequent car accidents, not to mention impatient attitudes. It’s one thing to be driving 45 miles an hour on the freeway, but another to drive in two lanes at the same time. Pick a lane and stay there! It is a known fact that mature adults start to lose their motor skills and have slower reaction times than younger drivers. These fogeys are not all to blame. It’s the people who are testing them in their driver’s license exams. The driving instructors probably feel sorry for them and are perhaps maybe â€Å"respecting their elders†. Doesn’t anybody tell these old folks that they are driving like molasses and irritating people? I’m sure their children do, and others drivers do, using the one finger salute, but I’m sure they pay no attention to those â€Å"darn kids! †

The Characteristics of a Compelling Introduction

The Characteristics of a Compelling Introduction An introduction is the opening of an essay or speech, which typically identifies the topic, arouses interest, and prepares the audience for the development of the thesis. Also called an  opening, a lead,  or an introductory paragraph. For an introduction to be effective, says Brendan Hennessy, it should  persuade readers that what you have to say is worth close attention. Etymology From the Latin, to bring in. Examples and Observations In addition to appealing to readers and helping them to anticipate tone and substance, the opening passage can also help readers read by helping them to anticipate the structure of what will follow. In classical rhetoric, this was called the division or partition because it indicates how the piece of writing will be divided into parts. Methods of Introducing an EssayHere are a few possible ways to open an essay effectively:State your central idea, or thesis, perhaps showing why you care about it.Present startling facts about your subject.Tell an illustrative anecdote.Give background information that will help your reader understand your subject, or see why it is important.Begin with an arresting quotation.Ask a challenging question. (In your essay, youll go on to answer it.)Example of Introductory Paragraph in an Essay Bill Clinton loves to shop. On a March day in an elegant crafts store in Lima, the Peruvian capital, he hunted for presents for his wife and the women on his staff back home. He had given a speech at a university earlier and just came from a ceremony kicking off a program to help impoverished Peruvians. Now he was eyeing a necklace with a green stone amulet. Four Goals of IntroductionsAn effective introduction has four basic goals:Catch the audiences attention and focus it on your topic.Motivate the audience to listen by pointing out how your topic will benefit them.Establish credibility and rapport with your audience by creating a common bond and letting them know about your expertise and experience with the topic.Present your thesis statement, which includes clarification of your central idea and main points.Examples of an Introduction in a Speech The first thing I would like to say is ‘thank you.’ Not only has Harvard given me an extraordinary honour, but the weeks of fear and nausea I have endured at the thought of giving this commencement address have made me lose weight. A win-win situation! Now all I have to do is take deep breaths, squint at the red banners, and convince myself that I am at the world’s largest Gryffindor reunion. (J.K Rowling) Quintilian on the Appropriate Time to Compose an Introduction (or Exordium) ï » ¿I do not, on these accounts, agree with those who think that the exordium is to be written last; for though it is proper that our materials should be collected, and that we should settle what effect is to be produced by each particular, before we begin to speak or write, yet we ought certainly to begin with that which is naturally first. No man begins to paint a portrait, or mold a statue, with the feet; nor does any art find its completion where the commencement ought to be. Else what will be the case if we have no time to write our speech? Will not so preposterous a practice disappoint us? The orators materials are, therefore, to be first contemplated in the order in which we direct, and then to be written in the order in which he is to deliver them. Pronunciation in-tre-DUK-shun Sources Brendan Hennessy, How To Write Coursework and Exam Essays, How To Books 2010.Richard Coe,  Form and Substance: An Advanced Rhetoric. Wiley, 1981X.J. Kennedy et al.,  The Bedford Reader. Bedford/St. Martins, 2000Introduction to Its Not About Bill, by Peter Baker.  The New York Times Magazine, May 31, 2009Cheryl Hamilton,  Essentials of Public Speaking, 5th ed. Wadsworth, 2012J.K. Rowling, commencement address at Harvard University, June 2008Quintilian,  Institutes of Oratory, 95 AD

Comments for Ruby Code (Usage, Single, and Multi-Line)

Comments for Ruby Code (Usage, Single, and Multi-Line) Comments in your Ruby code are notes and annotations meant to be read by other programmers. The comments themselves are ignored by the Ruby interpreter, so the text inside the comments isnt subject to any restrictions. Its usually good form to put comments before classes and methods as well any piece of code that may be complex or unclear. Using Comments Effectively Comments should be used to give background information or annotate difficult code. Notes that simply say what the next line of straightforward code does are not only obvious but also add clutter to the file. Its important to take care not to use too many comments and to be sure the comments made in the file are meaningful and helpful to other programmers. The Shebang Youll notice that all Ruby programs start with a comment that begins with #!. This is called a shebang and is used on Linux, Unix and OS X systems. When you execute a Ruby script, the shell (such as bash on Linux or OS X) will look for a shebang at the first line of the file. The shell will then use the shebang to find the Ruby interpreter and run the script. The preferred Ruby shebang is #!/usr/bin/env ruby, though you may also see #!/usr/bin/ruby or #!/usr/local/bin/ruby. Single-Line Comments The Ruby single-line comment begins with the # character and ends at the end of the line. Any characters from the # character to the end of the line are completely ignored by the Ruby interpreter. The # character doesnt necessarily have to occur at the beginning of  the line; it can occur anywhere. The following example illustrates a few uses of comments. #!/usr/bin/env ruby # This line is ignored by the Ruby interpreter # This method prints the sum of its arguments def sum(a,b)   Ã‚  puts ab end sum(10,20) # Print the sum of 10 and 20 Multi-Line Comments Though often forgotten by many Ruby programmers, Ruby does have multi-line comments. A multi-line comment begins with the begin token and ends with the end token. These tokens should start at the beginning of the line and be the only thing on the line. Anything between these two tokens is ignored by the Ruby interpreter. #!/usr/bin/env ruby begin Between begin and end, any number of lines may be written. All of these lines are ignored by the Ruby interpreter. end puts Hello world! In this example, the code would execute as Hello world!

Parliamentary Sovereignty Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Parliamentary Sovereignty - Coursework Example During the 1880s, Oxford Professor A.V. Dicey proposed a theory of Parliamentary sovereignty that encompassed a hierarchal constitutional structure with Parliament reigning supreme. Dicey’s theory of Parliamentary sovereignty has wielded significant influence over definitions and concepts of Parliamentary sovereignty until recently. Specifically, Dicey argued that Parliament, elected by and representing the public, had the authority to make and unmake any law. Moreover, according to Dicey, the power of Parliament is so absolute that no other body has the authority to â€Å"override† an act of Parliament. Essentially, Dicey’s theory of Parliamentary sovereignty holds that Parliamentary sovereignty is binding on Parliament and even Parliament as omnipotent as it is, is powerless to alter Parliamentary sovereignty. In more recent times there has been a shift toward a new form of constitutionalism that recognizes restrictions to Dicey’s theory of Parliamentary sovereignty. In fact, the decision in Jackson and Others, specifically identifies two limitations on Dicey’s theory of Parliamentary sovereignty. Although, the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords agreed that the Parliament did have the authority to pass the Hunting Act 2004, which was the subject of challenge in Jackson, the dicta revealed â€Å"deep divisions† among the Lords on the Diceyan view of an omnipotent Parliament. In particular Lord Hope identified two ways in which Parliamentary sovereignty has been limited: the court’s ability to determine whether or not an Act of Parliament satisfied procedural propriety and the rule of law which permitted judicial review of administrative actions and decisions. 8 Lord Hope’s observation that there has been a gradual decline in Parliamentary sovereignty is

Marketing Fundamentals Module (CIM Professional Certificate in Essay

Marketing Fundamentals Module (CIM Professional Certificate in Marketing) - Essay Example Their definition of a successful firm is one, which is able to predict the future accurately, acquire core competences ahead of competition and thereby become the dominant player within an industrial sector. Markets always change faster than Marketing. Today many companies are disappointed over marketing’s inability to produce measurable result. While companies unabashedly declare their wish to get closer to customers, marketing actually losing power to other functions in the corporation. Now to achieve highest level of operations every company needs a strong market plan, which will ensure success to them in the present competitive environment. 2. Marketing plan: The marketing plan operates at two levels strategic and tactical. The strategic marketing plan lays out the target markets and value proposition that will offer, based on an analysis of the best market opportunities. The tactical marketing plan specifies the marketing tactics, including product features, promotion merchandising, pricing, channels and services. The marketing plan is the central instrument for directing and coordinating the marketing effort. Today teams develop marketing plans with inputs and sign-offs from every important organizational function. These plans are then implemented at the appropriate levels of the organization, with management monitoring results and taking corrective action when necessary. The format and contents of marketing plans depend upon the size of the organization, the attitude of the organization the degree of formalization required within the annual planning cycle process and accepted sector conventions. 2.1. Situation review: Within situation review, there should be coverage of the strategic situation facing the organization. This will base on a description of market size, market growth trends, customer benefits

Limited Warfare Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Limited Warfare - Essay Example In the contemporary world, political and strategic failures, fiscal constraints, and the growing military power of nations globally are dictating the existence of limited warfare. Limited war entails that, destruction of an enemy need not be complete in material trait, but lead to a poise of the power structure, in which the power of rivaling groups, results toward stability. A limited war is one which involves nations that are at war but weapons such as nuclear weapons are not involved. The limited war is aimed to preserve several resources of a nation to be applied elsewhere or use part of resources to attain the desired objectives. The limited war seeks lesser objectives and not the annihilation of the adversary; its goals are limited to issues such as swings in political behavior. However, like other wars the limited war involved a foe and enmity and it is less refined that it was in the 18th century. There have been numerous limited wars witnessed in the world history which incl ude; the American Indian war, the Afghanistan war, the Libyan war and to some extent the Vietnam War. In some of these wars although Washington applied limited character it was evident that its main aim was to oust the regimes (Slim, 173). Political and Military Implications The political description of the aims is with conversion into military purposes. It would be hard, sometimes vague and tortuous, yet its victory is truly vital to the achievement of the political aims. Key military notions relating to the wished end product such as military conquest are changed to reflect a much important political emphasis. There exist Rapid resolution making and military response. The successful result of such a war centers on the ability to respond rapidly to a developing calamity, which most often explodes by surprise. This would be a key dispute for the military. Organizing and maintaining home and global political support. Military actions in the present age of precision and honesty need p olitical legality (Slim, 213). In that most significant issues are evasion of victims on both sides and reduction of collateral harm. It is crucial to maintain the military management in the defense and tactical decision-making circle and uphold a straight politico-military boundary. Militarily, the greatest dispute could arise in the political unwillingness to entrust a pro-active commitment and persistence. These would be to keep the authority for endorsing not just key military progress but also many operational resolutions concerning to operation and service of military resources. Political and military necessities will necessitate heavy dependence on acumen, watch and investigation. Use of ground forces across the boundaries could be dejected, or held up, due to fear of victims and complexity in disengagement. Information operations turn out to be important. The political necessities of the military operations, in order to attain and keep the ethical high ground and refute that to the opponent, would need a complete and complicated media, public associations and information campaign (Slim, 214). This needs full incorporation and harmonization with the preparation and implementation of the military operations. Mental warfare has existed as a part of typical war it gets significance now. Limited conformist war need to consider counter involvement and protective measures. The so called cold start

Electronic Commerce Undefined Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Electronic Commerce Undefined - Essay Example That is, for a contract to exist there should be an offer made by the offeror and this should be accepted by the offeree and this amounts to an acceptance. This acceptance must be communicated to the offeror and a contract might be concluded when the offeree receives the acceptance. Once again, it should be noted that these transactions are conducted through an electronic portal and are facilitated through the use of emails. This is called the receipt rule and is the general rule. Because of the different and new nature of e-commerce, the described rule above is not applicable to traditional contracts created and facilitated through the post. Traditionally, for these types of contracts the postal rule applies. As opposed to the general law practice in the e-commerce world, the postal rule provides that an acceptance is active and a contract is concluded from the moment the offeree drops the acceptance in the letter box. This is applied even if the acceptance letter is delayed or failed to reach the other party. The postal rule is held to apply only to acceptances in the case of Adams v Lindsell (book). Even if some rules are already practiced in the e-commerce, there are still disputes which tackle the applicability of the receipt rule and the possible usage of the postal rule. Considering the almost similar nature of posts and emails, there have been suggestions and arguments supporting the usage of the postal rule to internet transactions. In line with this, this essay aims to give an analysis on the applicability of postal rule to e-commerce. In so doing, the essay will limit itself to consider the issue of whether the postal rule should extend to contracts created by electronic communications. To give light to the situation, it is extremely necessary to explore the rationale behind the creation of the postal rule. In contract law, as mentioned above, the general rule is that acceptance must be communicated to the offeror in order to conclude a contract. This has been illustrated by Lord Denning in the case of Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corp: "Suppose, for instance, that I shout an offer to a man across a river ... but I do not hear his reply because it is drowned by an aircraft flying overhead. There is no contract at that moment. If he wishes to make a contract, he must wait until the aircraft is gone and then shout back his acceptance so that I can hear what he says." However, the exception to this rule emerged in 1918 with the creation of the postal rule. It should be noted that back in those days, the main method of communication is the post. This method is extremely slow and delays were very common. One of the main reasons for the existence of the rule is to ensure certainty in contract formation. One might argue that if the postal service did not carry much importance in those days then the creation of the postal rule would have been insignificant. Since delay is a common feature of the postal service, this meant that if the receipt rule applied, the offeree would not know if his acceptance is received, i.e. whether a binding contract is created. One alternative to the postal rule might

The trade relations between China and the U.S Essay

The trade relations between China and the U.S - Essay Example (Morrison 4). Currently, China’s market for U.S products is estimated to be worth $300 billion judging from the exports from U.S to China and the total sales of U.S firms based in China (Morrison 8). As such, U.S-China trade ties have defied all the odds to remain strong with prospects of increase in trade despite the differences between the two trading partners. One aspect that makes trade between China and U.S interesting phenomena is the growing trade ties despite the complex relationships marked by major tensions. One of the major challenges that results in these tensions, in the trade is the difference in the market economies of the two countries, which though significant has been overlooked in the developing trade ties between the two countries. While U.S is a capitalist country that favors free economy policies, China has adamantly resisted the move to shift to a free economy market despite the growing pressure from the global markets (Morrison 26). As such, the country still imposes policies that lead to distortion of trade and investments. Some of the areas that have resulted in trade tensions include China’s poor policies in the management of intellectual property rights (Morrison 28). Others as Morrison explains are an increasing tendency where some Chinese firms are involved in cyber espionage against many U.S firms, a mov e that had threatened relations between the two countries. As such, the growing trade between the two countries has defied such tensions, which may suggest the two counties hold resources of strategic impotence in international trade, which overshadows the existing tensions. Government intervention in the Chinese market is another concept that affects the trade ties between the two countries, and impacts negatively on U.S. Some of the political factors include the reluctance of China to meet its obligations as set out by the World Trade Organization, use of market policies that force foreign firms to transfer technology

Electronic Commerce Undefined Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Electronic Commerce Undefined - Essay Example That is, for a contract to exist there should be an offer made by the offeror and this should be accepted by the offeree and this amounts to an acceptance. This acceptance must be communicated to the offeror and a contract might be concluded when the offeree receives the acceptance. Once again, it should be noted that these transactions are conducted through an electronic portal and are facilitated through the use of emails. This is called the receipt rule and is the general rule. Because of the different and new nature of e-commerce, the described rule above is not applicable to traditional contracts created and facilitated through the post. Traditionally, for these types of contracts the postal rule applies. As opposed to the general law practice in the e-commerce world, the postal rule provides that an acceptance is active and a contract is concluded from the moment the offeree drops the acceptance in the letter box. This is applied even if the acceptance letter is delayed or failed to reach the other party. The postal rule is held to apply only to acceptances in the case of Adams v Lindsell (book). Even if some rules are already practiced in the e-commerce, there are still disputes which tackle the applicability of the receipt rule and the possible usage of the postal rule. Considering the almost similar nature of posts and emails, there have been suggestions and arguments supporting the usage of the postal rule to internet transactions. In line with this, this essay aims to give an analysis on the applicability of postal rule to e-commerce. In so doing, the essay will limit itself to consider the issue of whether the postal rule should extend to contracts created by electronic communications. To give light to the situation, it is extremely necessary to explore the rationale behind the creation of the postal rule. In contract law, as mentioned above, the general rule is that acceptance must be communicated to the offeror in order to conclude a contract. This has been illustrated by Lord Denning in the case of Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corp: "Suppose, for instance, that I shout an offer to a man across a river ... but I do not hear his reply because it is drowned by an aircraft flying overhead. There is no contract at that moment. If he wishes to make a contract, he must wait until the aircraft is gone and then shout back his acceptance so that I can hear what he says." However, the exception to this rule emerged in 1918 with the creation of the postal rule. It should be noted that back in those days, the main method of communication is the post. This method is extremely slow and delays were very common. One of the main reasons for the existence of the rule is to ensure certainty in contract formation. One might argue that if the postal service did not carry much importance in those days then the creation of the postal rule would have been insignificant. Since delay is a common feature of the postal service, this meant that if the receipt rule applied, the offeree would not know if his acceptance is received, i.e. whether a binding contract is created. One alternative to the postal rule might

Investigate osmosis in blood cells Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Investigate osmosis in blood cells - Lab Report Example The cellular geometry, that is, the biconcave disc shape of red cells, is critical for the cells' survival. This cell surface shape provides a high ratio of surface area to cellular volume. The normal volume of the erythrocyte is approximately 90 m3. The minimum surface area that could encase this volume is a sphere of approximately 98 m3. The surface area of a biconcave disc enclosing this volume is approximately 140 m3. Thus, shape alone provides the red cell with a considerable amount of redundant membrane and cytoskeleton. This feature provides the extra membrane surface area needed when red cells swell. More importantly, this geometric arrangement allows red cells to stretch as they undergo deformation and distortion in response to the mechanical stress of the circulation. The consequent reduction in tolerance of these cells to osmotic stress explains why anaemias resulting from membrane defects often are accompanied by osmotic fragility, the basis for the clinical laboratory te st. Similarly, if erythrocytes are engorged with water, they become macrospherocytic and less deformable (Dacie, J. V., Lewis, S. M., and Luzzatto, L., 1981). Red Cell Membrane Permeability: The normal red cell membrane is nearly impermeable to monovalent and divalent cations, thereby maintaining a high potassium, low sodium, and very low calcium content. In contrast, the red cell is highly permeable to water and anions, which are readily exchanged. As a result, erythrocytes behave as nearly perfect osmometers. Water and ion transport pathways in the red cell membrane include energy-driven membrane pumps, gradient-driven systems, and various channels. An important feature of the normal red cell is its ability to maintain a constant volume. The mechanisms by which red cells "sense" changes in cell volume and activate appropriate volume regulatory pathways are unknown. The effects of disruption of the red cell permeability barrier are illustrated by complement-mediated hemolysis. Complement activation on the red cell surface leads to formation of the membrane attack complex, which is composed of terminal complement components embedded in th e lipid bilayer. This multimolecular complex acts as a cation channel, allowing passive movements of sodium, potassium, and calcium across the membrane according to their concentration gradients. Attracted by fixed anions, such as hemoglobin, ATP, and 2,3-BPG, sodium accumulates in the cell in excess of potassium loss and of the compensatory efforts of the Na+-K+ pump. The resulting increase in intracellular monovalent cations and water is followed by cell swelling and ultimately colloid osmotic hemolysis (Dacie, J. V., Lewis, S. M., and Luzzatto, L., 1981). Rationale of the Test: Osmotic activity in the red cells is tested by adding increasingly hypotonic concentrations of saline solution to red cells. As a result of osmosis, more and more water from the increasingly hypotonic solution will enter the red cells leading to increased volume of red cells by swelling. If the concentration goes beyond threshold, more water will enter into the cells which already are at maximum volume for surface area, and will burst at the most hypotonic normal saline concentrations. However, after incubation at 37C (98.6F) for 30 mins, these red cells will lose membrane surface area more readily than normal because their

Which Sport is More Dangerous Essay Example for Free

Which Sport is More Dangerous Essay Have you ever wondered if football is a more dangerous sport than soccer? Football is a contact sport. You can get tackled in football but you can’t get tackled in soccer. You’re more prone to get injured in football than you are in soccer. A higher number of injuries result in contact sports. To help prevent injuries, both sports have rules that enforce the use of safety equipment According to an article I read â€Å"Early Days of Soccer† by Robert Pruter the beginning of soccer in schools started because too many deaths and injuries happened in football. Football was considered a very dangerous and violent sport during 1905. At that time many colleges were dropping football and turning to soccer. Soccer was not only considered a less dangerous sport but a more â€Å"democratic sport that allowed many more students to enjoy the benefits of an open-air physical exercise in a non-brutal sport.† Soccer is now probably the fastest growing sport in this country especially for girls and women. Millions of kids are joining youth soccer leagues and there are thousands of teens on high school soccer teams. Obviously, some sports are more dangerous than others. People can get hurt in all types of sports. Injuries can happen from falls, from being hit by an object, sprains and strains, collisions, concussions, or from trauma to a body part. Although, most injuries happen in sports that involve contact and collisions. Football and soccer are trying to make their equipment safer for the players. There are also rules to protect the players. In football a player can tackle someone but they can’t take the player down by the facemask or they can’t tackle them head to head. Quarterbacks cannot be hit after they have thrown the ball unless they are within one step of a defensive player at the time of the throw. Soccer also has some strict rules against taking a player down, challenging the ball from behind, or kicking a player’s legs out from underneath him. Also, players cannot touch or try to kick the ball from a goalie once the goalie has the ball. Players who don’t follow these rules are penalized.

Stadium Safety Structure Development In The Uk Criminology Essay

Stadium Safety Structure Development In The Uk Criminology Essay With our entry into the 21st century, the stadium safety issue has been basically solved by a series of complete stadium safety structure regulations in the UK. However, there are many British football fans who still have memorized the traditional football culture, which is the terrace culture (Ruthven, 2011). It is ironic that this terrace culture has brought many tragedies to UK football and UK society, many British football fans are still thinking terrace culture is the true way of watching a football match. Therefore, the Football Supporters Foundation (FSF) campaign was organized to bring back terrace culture (Kilmore, 2011). The whole process of terrace culture was replaced by all-seater stadiums, which took many authorities and peoples blood and efforts. The whole process of changing is a successful stadium safety reform course. The stadium safety reform faced many issues, which came from both external and internal influences. For example, some issues came from the inaction of some football authorities, the over loyalty of football fans and the neglect of politicians (Ingle, 2005). Fortunately, stadium safety has made their legislation to protect those loyalty football fans lives and health. Johns (2004) stated that One of the philosophies of the Football Licensing Authority is safety cannot be achieved by means of externally- imposed regulations; those responsible must understand and believe in it for themselves'. Therefore, only if the whole of football industry realizes the significance of safety, then the stadium safety structure can be run effectively. Moreover, it also needs to be updated very often to tackle challenges and to fit the modernist footballs changes in the future. This essay is written to answer the question of how the stadium safety structure in the UK developed and what challenges and changes face it in the future? Current stadium safety structure in the UK: Currently, the structure of UK stadium safety is composed by Football Licensing Authority, Safety Certificate, Green Guide, Safety Advisory Group, Safety Officer, Ground Regulations, Football Association (FA) and Police. Although these elements do overlap slightly, it has completely achieved the safety mission (Football Safety Structure in England, 2005). The process of stadium safety development: The process of football stadium safety development was always with horrible tragedy; almost every little progress was caused by victims blood and grief. Fortunately, nowadays, a comparatively completed stadium safety structure has been conducted. This comparatively completed stadium safety structure took a long time to complete. Inaction of legislation: The football industry was very hysteretic compared to other industries in the area of safety legislation. In 1840, with the first railway regulation released, government had started to establish a statutory regulation of transport in the UK. Moreover, in the entertainment industry, because some moral concerns to monitor the performance were shown, every single music theatre and hall had been approved by local authorities licensing since the 1880s. In addition, because of two horrible disasters that happened at Victoria Hall in Sunderland in 1883 and at Exeter theatre in 1887 respectively, the fire legislation had been followed in the entertainment industry. Football was seen to be a wholesome pleasure sport, and so dodged the intendance from the moral concerns aspect, and because a football stadium is an outdoor building, so its safety shortage had been ignored by related monitory authorities. However, many issues had appeared about the stadium safety in the football industry (Johns, 2004). Since the sports codification was released in 1863, the popularity of the football industry had developed rapidly. It was often to see, over 20,000 fans crowed in a stadium to watch a game (John, 2010). In order to contain as many fans as possible, football clubs began to establish bigger stadiums. The bigger stadiums location was dependent on the cheap land price and proximity to urban areas. This resulted in many stadias locations that were not suitable and safe. For example, many stadias entrances were along narrow streets, it was often to find overcrowding and injuries occurred as a result. Moreover, the quality problem of stadiums stands also caused a few accidents. For example, on the 5th of April 1902, the disaster of a collapsed wooden stand caused 25 spectators to die and over 500 spectators injured at Ibrox Park, Glasgow. In the aftermath, the disaster was attributed to the wooden stands quality but no person was charged regarding the overcrowding at that stand. However, th e Ibrox Park disaster was a signal to the Football Association (FA) that they need to protect themselves against litigation from football fans in the accident of future tragedies. Therefore, one legal legacy of the disaster appeared for football industry in the UK. That was that the FA was registered to be a limited liability company (BigSoccer, 2011). Since the tragedy of Wembley FA Cup final happened in 1923 and over 1000 spectators were injured, people and related authorities began to regard and blame the overcrowding issue. Because some members of Parliament criticised the stadium, they pushed pressures on this issue. The government organized an inquiry, and former Home Secretary Edward Shortt was in charge of the inquiry. Consequently, he stated that there was abnormally large attendance on special occasions (Johns, 2004). Subsequently, the chief constable of Birmingham claimed that because the quality of stadium could not be guaranteed and the overcrowding happened frequently, football should establish a safety licensing system like other industries. However, this proposal was laid aside due to FAs uncooperative attitude, but some of this proposals technical recommendations began to impact the management of football stadium safety (The Time, no date). In the next 20 years, there were some accidents in football stadia caused by overcrowding. Due to overcrowding only occurring in some particularly significant games and infrequently resulting in injuries to the public, there was no sustained pressure for football stadium safety progress. From the police aspect, police claimed in some regards in stadium safety, but due to the absence of legislation, they took a laissez-faire attitude towards safety in the football industry. For example, in 1932, the Chief Constable of Cardiff stated publicly that Ninian Parks maximum capacity was not 25,000 spectators, but its records were double that maximum number in the past. The Welsh FA only simply warned the club to concern the issue (Johns, 2004). In 1934, a man died in overcrowding at Hillsborough stadium. A local MP of Sheffield made an inquiry immediately to Parliament. The explanation of the accident from the Sheffield chief constable was that some clubs were not complying with the stadium safety advice of police (Hillsborough Stadium, no date). In 1936, there was a fatality at a rugby match in Cardiff, which caused a licensing scheme from Police Federations. Therefore, the main reason of police inactivity was facing much opposition from the football authorities and government, when they were warning clubs on safety in absence of legislation. In the post-war period, football became the most popular sport for entertainment in the UK. Because of the horrible and grieved memories of war, people enjoyed football match more than before (Johns, 2004). As mentioned previously, the overcrowding situation only happened in some big games, but the attendances of match were very high for every match after the Second World War. Therefore, some crude quality of stadiums could not bear such a high burden and thus caused disaster. In 1946, 33 people died and 400 people were injured at Burnden Park, Bolton. In the official inquiry, Justice Moelwyn Hughes stated that the overcrowding i ssue had happened again and again, and it had become a frequent type of accident. Consequently, Moelwyn Hughes suggested running a licensing system by local authorities, which should include a penalty for disobeying these regulations. However, the licensing proposal was rejected by the cabinet due to the burden of local authorities, materials shortage in post-war and the absent of legislation. Thus, the proposal of licensing by local authorities was replaced by another Moelwyn Hughes recommendation, which was a system of self-regulation. The self-regulation was an application for the Football Association that their stadium safety should pass the qualification inspection. (Oddculture, 2011) A system of self-regulation in any industry does not work unless its objectives are deeply rooted in the culture of the industry. Football enjoyed no over-riding commitment to ensuring safety. Therefore, in 1952, the Police Federation proposed legislation for the safety of fans like the safety legislation of audiences at theatres and cinemas. This proposal also blamed some inaction reports from the police and the FA (Johns, 2004). In the hooliganism aspect, this emerging problem provided a different channel to deal with the crowd management issue for clubs and authorities. Because of the emerging problem of hooliganism, the 1969 government report claimed that although the self-regulation systems performance was good enough, the 1948 certificates still needed to be updated regularly for inspections (Kurland, 2010). Finally, the FA of England, Scotland and Wales forced their clubs whose stadias capacity were 10,000 or more, to accept an annual certificate inspection. The first legislation: The signal of self-regulations failure was the disaster of Ibrox Park, Glasgow in 1971. There were 66 people dead in this crush of overcrowding. It was the fourth incident of crushing on that stairway in the previous ten years. In 1961, two people had been killed and 44 injured, in 1967 11 people were injured, and in 1969 30 people were seriously injured. The disaster of Ibrox Park caused a controversy about the legislation. Subsequently, Wheatley called a recommended for licensing system run by local authorities (BBC, no date). In the report of Wheatley, the existing controls were not enough, legislation was necessary. The Safety at Sports Grounds Act was proposed by the Conservative government then it was passed by the Labour government in 1975. This Act built a system of inspection, which was run by local authorities, and also created a series of technical safety criterions in football stadia. Nevertheless, the implementing cost was a huge burden for small clubs. Wheatley thought the issue of overcrowding was not vital enough for smaller clubs in the short term. Therefore, only the clubs that were in the first division of English and Scottish and plus the three international rugby stadiums were included in the initial Act plan. In 1979, the Act would include the Clubs of the English second division. This Act also cared some anomaly, for small stadiums, such as Shrewsbury Towns stadium of division two, which only had 16,800 capacities, but some large stadiums, such as Sheffield Uniteds stadium of division three, which was 44,000 capacity, which were not included in this Act. (Sefton Council, 2010) Significant changing in 1980s: On the 11th May 1985, 56 people were killed in a stand fire in Bradford. At that time, the 1975 Safety Act had not covered the Third division, if it was covered the maybe this disaster would be avoided by licensing inspection. After the disaster of Bradford, the Act was conducted to all Football League clubs as soon as possible and the Fire Safety and Safety of Places of Sport Act was passed immediately for preventing another fire disaster. In 1924, the Shortt report had already noted that the danger of fire in wooden stands was another risk in football stadium, apart from overcrowding. After the disaster of Bradford, Mr Justice Popplewell made a report and he stated many questions of hooliganism rather than safety. Popplewell also stated that there were fences built around the football pitch at Bradford, which caused the higher death toll (FireSafe, no date). He also recommended such fences were not effectively addressing hooligan concerns, but instead disturbed the evacuation effor ts. Unfortunately, these fences that guarded against hooligans became one of the reasons that caused the Hillsborough disaster (Taylor, 1989). On the 15th April 1989, such fences contributed to the death 96 Liverpool fans during the match of FA Cup semi-final against Nottingham Forest at Hillsborough, Sheffield. As well as these fences, inadequate policing and signposting were also the main reasons for such a high death toll (Taylor, 1989). After this disaster, senior police officers claimed misinformation and that hooligan should be blamed for this disaster, and some newspapers followed this misinformation. Lord Justice Taylor investigated this accident. Taylor considered the situation of society the anger of Liverpool residents and football fans, and he dismissed such theories held the police responsible for the tragedy (Taylor, 1989). The result of Hillsborough was the all-seater stadium safety policy, which was applied to the first and the second divisions. This was the recommendations of Taylors report. Graham Kelly, then chief executive of the FA, thought that Thatcher despised football, had little or no interest in sport and drove those around her who were interested in the national sport underground. There was no football lobby because she wouldnt give the game room (Taylor, 1989). Therefore, from Thatchers personal position, the government was never to allow football to develop along its wrong way. The government insisted to conduct an all-seater stadiums policy to also try and combat the increasing threat of hooliganism (Johns, 2004). After the Hillsborough disaster, a new department called the Football Licensing Authority was established to monitor the licensing and regulation of stadia. The government also had power to reassess clubs financial position during the process of stadium safety improvement (Taylor, 1989). Therefore, the Hillsborough not only resulted in the rebuilding of stadiums safety structure, but also for reinventing football clubs themselves. It built a base for the later boom of the Premier League. Critical Analysis: Hillsborough brought a determination to ensure that football did not suffer again and the fans safety was now the highest concern of authorities. Why did British football need to suffer such tragedies to truly realize the significance of stadium safety? There are three main reasons. Firstly, football is not an ordinary industry. The custom of football fans is very traditional, which is dependent on loyalties rather than value for money or safety. Football fans were simply not to change their loyalties of clubs even if their clubs had stadium safety issues (Ingle, 2005). In fact, the terrace culture was an important element to attract them to watch games in the stadium. Secondly, football fans were composed predominantly by the working-class. Generally, some fundamental needs such as health, education and housing are normally concerned by working-class. The issue of football fans safety was not a fundamental need, so football fans did not push many pressures on the government over thi s issue. Therefore, there were not many pressures from customers, so government did not need to demand a change (Peter, 1979). Thirdly, The football authorities did not expect the relationship between clubs and local authorities to be close, because the football authorities feared that any regulatory scheme run by local authorities might err on the side of excessive caution, resulting in clubs being put to considerable expense and being subject to a great deal of official interference (Johns, 2004). Consequently, this too close relationship would negatively impact the development of football industry. Finally, only by football fans, football authorities and government cooperating together, would the new approach to prevent another tragedy be found as soon as possible (University of Leicester, 2002). Challenges and changes in the future: Hooliganism: Hooliganism will be a challenge for British football safety in the future. The issue of Hooliganism is hard to solve because of its specific character. Mr Justice Taylor stated that it is hard to explain the cause of hooligans misbehaviors and it is hard to recognize hooligans when they have not been previously charged for any misdemeanor. Moreover, according to Taylors report (1989), hooligans were separated into two groups and almost every normal football fans can be classified in one group, which is depends on the different characters of different groups. For example, the first group is composed by some football fans misbehaving spontaneously in the game because of an external impact. Some worse hooligans are the new hooligans. They plan their violence for fun and the football match itself is not important to them. The second group would be likely to imitate the first element, which we have just identified. Thus the first group always have follower to misbehave with them (Taylor, 1989). Football Supporters Federation (FSF): The all-seater policy was established due to the issue of overcrowding. However, the standing terrace culture is not the main reason to cause overcrowding. If standing terrace gets a good management, it also can be very safe like all-seater stadiums. The Football Supporters Foundation (FSF) campaign is organized for Safe Standing and the FSF petition for Safe Standing had amassed over 5,000 signatures within a day. Four reasons will be stated below to prove Standing terrace should be reused (Ruthven, 2011). Atmosphere of watching The perception of safe standing with football game is better than all-seater. In the safe standing areas, groups of mates can all congregate together and stand together. But now it is a near impossibility if you cannot afford season tickets. Some supporters escaped from all-steater stadiums because it has killed the atmosphere of truly football watching (Ruthven, 2011). Prices of tickets With the more comfortable and better all-seater stadiums established, ticket prices also increased. The high price is even hard to afford for the average football fans to enjoy a game with their whole family. In Germany, the Bundesliga is still keeping the standing terrace, so the tickets prices are cheap. British football fans do not believe that the prices can be as low as the Bundesliga, but they hope the appearance of standing terrace will decrease the British football tickets prices (Kilmore, 2011). Choice of fans The current situation with illegal standing often sees fans who do want to sit to watch the game, but also many fans are forced into seats, when they like standing. In fact, government should make more choice for fans. Some people want to sit and enjoy the game in peace and others wish to stand and generally want to be louder. By creating a designated standing area again, it keeps everybody happy. Proven it is available In fact, some records and evidences have proven that standing terrace is viable for stadium safety. With many fans using the example of the Bundesliga in Germany, who maintains the existing terracing with good managing even safer than the all-seater stadiums. Many English fans think German fans enjoy games better, with much lower ticket prices. the German football authorities improved the fans match day experience better, but the English football authorities only saw the revenue all the time(Kilmore, 2011). Conclusion: A complete safety structure cannot be only achieved by external element, the internal element is also very important. Especially, football is not an ordinary industry. The custom of football fans is very traditional, which is dependent on loyalties rather than value for money or safety. The external element such football clubs and authorities do not have many pressures from internal that football fans on the issue of safety. Therefore, the process of stadium safety development took much longer time than other ordinary industries. Nowadays, the complete stadium safety structure of UK has finished the safety very well, but it still cannot satisfy British football fans request. Football fans want to get back the soulness nature of their super stadiums (Kilmore, 2011). The UK football authority falls into an awkward situation that they are committed to improving the football fans match day experiences; they have to prevent risks of hooliganism and overcrowding. Therefore, UK stadium safe ty structure will still need to face many challenges and change in the future.

Comparing the Book and Movie Version of The Secret Garden Essay

The Secret Garden: Book vs. Movie The Secret Garden is a film based on Frances Hodgson Burnett's classic children's book bearing the same title. This movie is about a young girl who is literally shipped off to her uncle's English castle after her parents are killed in an earthquake. The main character, Mary, is played by Kate Maberly. She is tossed into a world where sunlight and cheerful discourse seem as rare as the attention she receives from the sour-pussed housekeeper Medlock, played by Maggie Smith. She helps her crippled cousin to see past his hypochondria and into the wonders of a long forgotten garden hidden beyond the confines of Misselthwaite Manor. While one critic dislikes the slight deviations from the book, another is content to relish in the imagery and scenery of The Secret Garden. Megan Rosenfeld, a Washington Post staff writer, is obviously distressed at the modifications made by director Agnieszka Holland to the original story. Ms. Rosenfeld asserts, "If it ain't broke, don't rewrite it." She refers to some specific changes, including the use of an earth...

Racism in Morocco Essay

AP History Take home test Yasser Benamirouche1-compare and contrast president Polk’s willingness to go to war against Mexico over Texas but not against Britain over Oregon. I believe that there is political and economical reasons behind that.. Britain is a much stronger enemy and I do not think it was a good idea to go to war with them because it might end badly for the U.S while Mexico that just got its freedom it was an â€Å"easy target† I believe and it kinda was the case because the United States one the war and got Texas and more. A second reason will be that Polk; being from the Jacksonian party which stood for slavery; wanted to get Texas and make it a slave state which will give more power to the slave states while if they got Oregon it would have been a free state which is not what Jacksonian democrat would want. Those were the political reasons now with the economical reasons, getting Texas would open a gateway to California and therefor the trade with Southern America which will be very profitable for the United States of America. 2-what are the reason that American settlers were so eager to go west in this time period? Discuss the hardships they would have faced on their journey West. American settlers moving West was motivated by different ideas like that the settlers were responsible of spreading Christianity and that the United States was meant to spread in the continent making a â€Å"making a new heaven on earth† and it was documented and it became the practical document â€Å" Manifest Destiny which was used by democrats to explain their expansions â€Å" the War with Mexico etc.. 3-Asses the validity of the following statement†although Americans percieved manifest destiny as a benevolent movement, it was in fact an aggressive imperialism pursued at the expense of others† I believe what was said is very true, the Manifest Disteny was a way to explain the unexplainable which is going to war and taking over lands by killing its native habitants like in the War of Mexico and the Trails of tears, while at the same time discourage any attempt by the eastern world to take any similar actions 4-asses the validity of the following statement â€Å" the Mexican war was a major reason of the American civil war†. Caused by the addition of vast new territories and the fight between the southerners and northerners to see which states will be slave states and which states will not, the northerners wanted California so badly so they had to give something in exchange and the thing they gave was the right for southerners to hunt down any running slaves and bring back which irritated the northerners and overheated the whole debate by the end of 1850’s+.

Comparative Essay: Iphone vs. Samsung Phone

Comparative essay: IPhone vs. Samsung phone Technique: Point by Point In the 21st century, the smart phone has already become an indispensable instrument in human life. Human beings rely on smart phones in recording everything in their daily life. There are different smart phone manufactures all around the world such as Samsung, Apple, Nokia, Motorola and so on. Among the smart phone manufacture, the Apple and Samsung smart phone manufacturer are the leader in the smart phone world. Thus, the products from these two manufacturers are famous among the users, such as the Apple iPhone 5 and the Samsung Galaxy Note 2.Therefore, when we decide to buy a smart phone on either Apple iPhone 5 or the Samsung Galaxy Note 2, we should consider several aspects of the smart phone such as the design of the phone, the camera aspect, the life of battery can stand, call quality and the interface and function of the smart phone. First, we touch about the fabulous design of both the phones. The latest d ebuted iPhone 5 has created an entirely new design that thinner and lighter than the iPhones before. It is just 7. 6 millimeters amazing thin and weighs 112g that made out of glass and aluminum.Moreover, its 4 inches screen is palm-friendly and easily to operate with just one hand. It is not only comfortable you can say about the phone when a crystalline diamond is used to cut the chambers which give the beveled edge wonderful sheen, it makes you gorgeous even when you hold it. On the other hand, Samsung Galaxy Note 2 is much bigger than iPhone5 that is 5. 5 inches screen, 9. 4mm thin and 180g weight. It offers perfect and fantastic viewing experience just like cinema like-viewing. As for one-handed operation, it is not impossible.It provides ways to scooch the on-screen keyboard or the dialer which iPhone5 cannot be beat. Besides, it has a non-unibody chassis that allow us to easily swap SIM cards, batteries or expand storage via a microSD slot. Since the design of the phones is in comparable which means they have their own unique design, we would like to compare other features on both of the phones. By comparing the camera of iPhone 5 and Samsung Galaxy Note II, the iPhone 5 mostly takes care of everything on its own. The iPhone 5 has a fast HDR mode and a new option for panoramic photos, which up to 28 megapixels.The picture quality of iPhone 5 has high levels of details and good colour representation, without excessive noise. The iPhone 5 can manage scenes with high dynamic range better, and it also sports more constrast in its pictures, making them more visually appealing. The 1080 videos of iPhone 5 and the Note II exhibit the same great amount of detail and crisp focus as the still scenes, with 30fps inside and outdoors. The iPhone 5 footage comes with higher contrast, and looks less washed out under bright sunlight.For the Note II, it offers most major options like face/smile recognition, Panorama, HDR, low light mode and many others. It also has an abu ndance of scene and focus modes, as well as number of colour effects. The picture and video gallery on Note II split the screen with folders on the left for faster navigation and has richer editing capabilities built into it. The music players on both devices also offer tune categorizations and minimalistic interface. Note II offers more functions via sound modes and equalizer. Note II also has an FM radio.Both handsets also have excellent quality of loudspeakers, but the iPhone 5 unit sounds a tad fuller and clearer. The interface and functionality of these two phones run different operating system, which the Apple iPhone always run on iOS system, and now the iOS is updated to the version iOS 6 while Galaxy Note II runs the latest version of android system that is Android 4. 1 Jelly Bean. Android also offers plenty of customisation on the home screen and users can utilize widgets, custom launchers, custom keyboards and more.Android also doesn’t have to rely on iTunes for con tent synchronising and transfer and the iPhone 5 has the traditional grid of icons and everything else is pretty much neatly tucked away under settings. In terms of customisation, picking a wallpaper and ringtones can be used. Moreover, the processors and memory inside these two phones are different too. Apple using manually designed with 1. 3 GHz dual-core A6 processor with its own core architecture, while the Galaxy Note II is equipped with a quad-core at 1. 6GHz.The Note II can do multitasks efficient than iPhone 5. Besides that, the performance of the two phones also is depended on the user how to function it. Furthermore, the iPhone 5 has 1 GB of RAM, while the Galaxy Note II has 2 GB of the thing, and both have the basic versions starting with 16 GB of internal memory, going up to 32 GB or 64 GB variants. The Note II, however, sports a microSD slot for cheaper storage expansion. In overall, the interface and functionality of Samsung Galaxy Note II is better than Apple iPhone 5 . In contrast on the attery task, the Note II has the largest screen ever placed in a phone, and also the battery match with a 3,100 mAh unit tucked in neatly into its large body. It is rated for 35 hours talk time in 2G mode and 16 hours of talk time in 3G mode, and furthermore more than a month of standby (up to 890hours). However, the iPhone 5 has a 1,440 mAh battery, and is rated for 8 hours of talk time in 2G and 3G mode. Both handsets will deliver more than 10 hours of browsing or video watching on a charge, which are excellent results.On the other hand, the similarity of these two smart phones is discovered by smart users. There is an aspect that quite alike, which, aspect on calls quality. In the aspect call quality, both iPhone 5 and Note II carrying remarkable call quality, with loud and clear voices in the earpiece, even clean sound relay to the other end. The noise-cancelling do a very good job of weeding out the background noisy, with the iPhone 5 sporting a tad better sound capture probably thanks to the tri-mic setup it has going on. In a nut shell, the two phones functioning well in call quality.In conclusion, both Apple and Samsung products, Apple iPhone 5 and the Samsung Galaxy Note 2 have their own advantages and disadvantages. Thus, it falls upon the user to compare the similarities and differences between Apple iPhone 5 and the Samsung Galaxy Note 2 such as the design of the phone, the camera aspect, the life of battery can stand, call quality and the interface and function of the smart phone before buying the smart phone. Moreover, it’s also depending on the need of the user on the aspect. A- Group members: See Li Min Tan Sheue Ley Tan Siok Ying Chan Yi Qi Pei Leng

Battle of Gettysburg

The Battle of Gettysburg was fought by the largest number of soldiers, totaling 172,000 young men (â€Å"American Civil War†). During the Civil War, our nation was divided by the North (Union Army) and the South (Confederate Army) for opposing viewpoints on slavery and states’ rights. The Battle of Gettysburg was fought over three long, arduous days. The soldiers struggled under their respected generals in a 25 mile battle zone (â€Å"American Civil War†). This battle was a triumphant victory and a heart-wrenching loss for the troops of the Yankee North and Rebel South. The complexity of the Battle of Gettysburg brought together two fronts whose decisions and commitment would determine its outcome. Many generals commanded forces during this battle. General Robert E. Lee was a confident Confederate commander of the Army of Northern Virginia. He believed one resolute victory would bring an end to the war. To secure this victory, General Lee devised an offensive attack on Northern land. His Rebel troops were split into three divisions (I, II, III Corps) with approximately 25,000 men each and commanded by Generals James Longstreet, Richard Ewell, and A. P. Hill. Under Lee’s order each Corps traveled north discreetly so as to not raise Union Army suspicion (King 8-9). However, Lee’s strategy did not go unnoticed by the Union Army of the Potomac commander, Joseph Hooker. The movement of Confederate troops northward reduced the number of soldiers under Hooker’s watchful eye. He sent word to President Abraham Lincoln who, in response, ordered him to move the Union forces in the same direction to defend Washington, D. C. (King 10). However, Hooker moved to take a different course of action and wanted to attack the Confederacy’s capital of Richmond. Because of this breach of conduct, Hooker was replaced by General George Meade and never allowed to forge an attack on Richmond (Appleby 486). News of Meade’s recruitment and the forward movement of the Union army over the Potomac River were delivered to General Lee by a confederate spy. Information of such importance should have been relayed more quickly by General Jeb Stuart who was Lee’s eyes and ears on the Army of the Potomac’s whereabouts. This infuriated Lee as well as Stuart’s tardy return from his mission. To combat this advancement, Lee quickly sent word to his three Corp commanders to move toward Gettysburg (King 11-13). Soon after, another Union general became significant. His name was John Buford and he led his two cavalry brigades to the outskirts of Gettysburg. It was here that he noticed Confederate troops raiding the town for supplies like shoes, clothing, and food. Buford sent an urgent message for aid, since Union soldiers were outnumbered by approximately 4,000 Rebel soldiers (King 14). However, Buford’s cavalry was detected by a branch of the Confederate Army commanded by General Pettigrew. When these two fronts collided on McPherson Ridge on July 1, 1863, it marked the official beginning of the Battle of Gettysburg (â€Å"American Civil War†). Buford held off the enemy for two hours. General John Reynolds arrived with Union reinforcements known as the Iron Brigade or 6th Wisconsin. Moreover, Confederates were also receiving aid from Ewell’s II Corps. So, the Rebels still outnumbered the Union troops (King 14-15). Late that afternoon and after sustaining 8,000 casualties, the Yankees were on the run. The death of Reynolds further pushes the Union army to the verge of crumbling. Somehow, Union forces are pulled together in a united front when General Winfield Scott arrives on the scene of Cemetery Hill. They manage to take control here as well as Cemetery Ridge and Culp’s Hill by the end of the day. On the other hand, the Confederates retained control of only Seminary Ridge. This setback for the South was likely the result of General Ewell’s failure to follow Lee’s command (King 15- 17). Despite this, the Rebel’s morale remained optimistic as they initiated the fighting on the following morning (King 18). Union forces retaliated and saved their position until one of General Meade’s commanders staged his own offensive battle (Appleby, Joyce 486; King 22). This Union general was Dan Sickles. By moving his position without consulting General Meade, a â€Å"bulge† was created. This foolish mistake allowed 1,600 Confederate soldiers to rush the Union line to overtake Peach Orchard, capturing 1,000 Yankee prisoners (King 22). Another Union Army general, G. K. Warren, secured and protected a hill called Little Round Top before Confederates claimed it which helped combat the loss from Sickle’s blunder (â€Å"American Civil War†). At this point in the Battle of Gettysburg, both North and South sustained large numbers of casualties. The Southern casualties roughly totaled 7,000 of 22,000 troops. The North suffered even more by losing 15,000 soldiers. Both sides needed to re-evaluate their battle strategies. Lee thought victory for the South was possible with better timing and artillery. Conversely, Meade and his other Union generals decided to stay in their current position and continue the battle (King 22). After dawn on July 3, 1863, Union soldiers fired upon the Confederacy’s I Corps led by General Longstreet. The two fronts dueled on Cemetery Ridge. Around 3p. m. , Union fire subsided. The North hoped this tactic would give Confederates the impression that their cannons were being destroyed. The trick was successful and led to the climax of the Battle of Gettysburg (Appleby, Joyce; King 22; â€Å"American Civil War†). This final attack is known as Pickett’s Charge in honor of the general who commanded the attack. Pickett gave three divisions, which included 14,000 troops, the order to cross a treacherous mile-wide open valley. One of the divisions was led by General Lewis Armistead. Many Rebel troops followed him on foot. These soldiers were ambushed by Northern gunfire from 11 cannons and 1,700 rifles as they approached a small stone wall. The Northern commanders yelled, â€Å"Fire! † In response, Armistead yelled, â€Å"Come on boys! Give them cold steel! Who will follow me? † His troops responded with their famous â€Å"rebel yell. † Unfortunately, for the South, Armistead is fatally wounded leaving the Confederacy with no leader. Without direction, Rebel soldiers were killed, wounded, or captured. The lucky living retreated, ending the battle with a Union victory (King 26-27). More men fought and died in this battle than any other on American soil (â€Å"American Civil War†). A total number of roughly 51,000 men were lost (Gettysburg). The North sustained casualties of about 23,000, while the South lost about 28,000 men. The lack of effective communication proved to be a downfall for the Confederacy (â€Å"American Civil War†). Lee was shattered by the loss, but his troops’ spirits were far from broken (King 30; Gettysburg). The Confederates retreated over the Potomac on July 4, 1863, and the war raged on for two more devastating years. The outcome of this complex battle was a direct result of the Union and Confederate commanders’ offensive decisions and relentless commitment of their armies.

Organisational Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Organisational Change - Essay Example St. Mungo’s is a reputed charity that works for the vulnerable individual of the society. The employees engaged within St. Mungo’s are highly experienced and loyal towards the activities of the organisation. However, with the recent merger of St. Mungo’s with Broadway, the reliability and dependability of the employees declined and it affected the position of the organisation significantly. The employees called for a strike and it declined the success rate of the organisation in the upcoming days as compared to other competitors. The prime cause for the strike is the pay cut of the loyal and existing employees of St. Mungo’s. The non-monetary benefits that the employees received from the organisation are also restricted by the senior management with the help of reorganisation and hence, it proved negative for the employees. However, the restrictions are mainly applicable for the employees of St. Mungo’s and not for the Broadway staff. This is the ma in key reason that increased the anger of the employees of St. Mungo’s and hence, it resulted in the commencement of a strike (Kotter and Schlesinger, 2007). There are different types of organisational change that would be used by the managers to prevent the organisation from any sort of challenging situation. However, types of organisational change are segmented into two segments such as evolutionary and revolutionary change (Lewin, 2012). As per the view of Schein (2012), constant improvement may be possible only through evolutionary change.

Women and Economics in Colonial and Post Revolution America Essay

Women and Economics in Colonial and Post Revolution America - Essay Example She discusses among many other topics: motherhood, sex, domestic duties, the role of women as educators, feminine inclinations, women's relationships with men and the existence of women as human beings. I believe that human beings have in their nature a primal instinct for survival and that women have relied on men for their livelihood for so long that this human instinct has become blunted. This view is supported in Gilman's work where her writings point to a belief that women are now more feminine than they are human 1 By Gilman's definitions, women had a primarily "feminine" role to play in colonial America. In early southern colonies, females were heavily outnumbered by men but the hardships of life ensured that all inhabitants had to earn their living regardless of gender. Women attended domestic duties like sewing and cooking and men devoted more time to productivity in the fields but regardless of job descriptions, all were kept busy in they strife of making a living. With a rise in European conflict and the spread of these disputes to America, a new population of widows emerged who were previously dependent on their husbands for the livelihood of their families 2 These women gradually integrated themselves into the urban workforce; a move that was encouraged by authorities to decrease the number of widows and orphans dependent on charity.3 The revolutionary age brought change in the attitudes of women. Prior to the American revolution, migrant families to America had brought with them ideals about a "woman's place" and perceptions of "femininity" from the bases of their European origins. However, as the political environment changed and people in general became more outspoken, there evolved a greater tolerance to opinionated women. Women began to hold meetings in their homes involving both men and women where they criticized political and religious figures and discussed everything from economics to medicine. 4 The American Revolution was not simply a military conflict between American colonies and the British Empire; there was a strong cultural and economic resistance in America. Americans became more reluctant to rely on British produced goods and this started an industrial economy for women. Because of this boycott of British products, women became responsible for producing most of their families clothing at home in addition to other consumables like candles and soap 5 6. To continue to support their families and produce food for the army, women also took to the fields and assumed an important role in agriculture 5. If a family owned a business like an inn or a printing press, women often assumed these entrepreneurial roles while their husbands were away 7. This allowed women to demonstrate levels of competency and success at opportunities that were denied to them in the past. Women launched a full scale assault to cement their place in the American workforce. In the past, women who wer e forced to work were careful not make their activities too obvious. There remained traditions in society that a woman's place was in her home; her private sphere. However, during the revolution, as the demand for women in the workplace grew, women became more prepared to advertise their products and services 8. Women were not only participating in docile duties. Women sometimes traveled with

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Project Management - Essay Example Preciseness and accuracy as well as meeting the project’s objectives are very vital but cannot be achieved without proper planning (Butler & Richardson, 2011). It is indeed true that people variable is very significant in determining the input and the general planning of a project. Challenging free-wheeler based on the list of project variables may harvest very good returns for a particular project because every issue shall have been incorporated in the project (Butler & Richardson, 2011). Thorough discussions regarding the challenges and difficulties that may face the project may help in exposing future obstacles that may interfere with the smooth running of the project. Project planning is indeed an investment since it leads to success of the project and therefore should not be left to chance. There should be no excuse for such a thing that is aimed at saving both time and money. There may be dangerous costs that may be associated with failure to plan for a project (Rosenwinkel, 1995). According to Thilmany (2011), project planning is very crucial in controlling and evaluating a project right from its start to the end. Accountability and commitment in a project not only requires that all the information is tracked but that the resources are efficiently utilized and any form of wastage is reduced. Project variables should be highly taken into consideration while dealing with a project plan to maximize efficiency and effectiveness of a project. I was engaged in a project where the organization wanted an investigation of the installation of a new information system that would help in eliminating several bureaucracy involved in management including supervisory services. The project was supposed to take 100 hours and it involved exploration of new ways of doing business. We were in a team of five people performing the task for the project and three of us were management information system experts while two were individuals from human resource and a senior

Art and Society in the 19th Century. Compare and contrast different Assignment

Art and Society in the 19th Century. Compare and contrast different portraits of Queen Victoria in the nineteenth century - Assignment Example The motive for Fenton’s choice of this moment was that photographic methods widely used when they wedded in 1840 implied that there were extremely long exposure periods (Plunkett, 2003). Fenton took this photo in 1854 to imply that the exposure periods decreased substantially. Scholars and historians argue that Winterhalter’s charm, high-end style, and successful ability to catch a good resemblance often pushed Victoria to support Winterhalter’s artistry. This support is evident in the portrait â€Å"The Family of Queen Victoria† by Franz Xaver Winterhalter, which is also filled with symbolic significance (Plunkett, 2003). In numerous ways, this painting is the same as Fenton’s photograph â€Å"Queen Victoria and Prince Albert at Buckingham Palace.† This is because both pictures feminize Queen Victoria’s position (Plunkett,

His Name is Christ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

His Name is Christ - Essay Example This author stresses that Christ Jesus speaks on a higher level, we may say, about His life, His death, His purpose for coming to earth. Prefixing Jesus with Christ is more than naming him it's telling us who He is, better still, what He encompasses, His whole being - the Messiah. He  had seen the reference to Paul's writings in Romans and read the passage. "Whose are the fathers, and of whom as concerning the flesh Christ became, who is over all, God blessed for ever. Amen." He read the passage three times before he saw it. Paul refers to Christ as Christ repeatedly throughout his writings. Christ the name, not Christ the entity for lack of a better phrase. In this one passage Paul is speaking not of the man Christ. He clearly states that he is not speaking of the earthly body when he makes reference to the flesh. Rather, Paul is speaking when he uses the word Christ in this instance to speak of the sovereignty of Christ and the special unbreakable bond expressed in the lineage of Isaac - the seed. He is to that seed the anointed one. He is the one through whom all the children of the seed must go to bridge to the Father. Paul, in his understated eloquence of words which often sound very simple, holds so much that in one verse he conveyed such truth. The reporter outlines that   Paul never knew Christ the man, having already been crucified and ascended before Paul was called. Paul, however, at this moment chose to use Christ here to show the sovereignty of Christ. Paul himself was called not because he was Jew, not because of the promise, but he was called to bring the seed of the promise to Him. This passage demanded that he speak of Christ as the anointed. If he may make a personal aside, he has noted since beginning this essay, Paul, throughout his writings, refers to Christ as Christ in many instances. I see the closeness of Paul to Christ and such a deep understanding of Him expressed in all of Paul's writings. It is difficult to remember at times that they never walked together, at least on the earthly plane, in the flesh. Yet, Paul has, in my opinion, a much deeper understanding and closeness to Christ than, perhaps, those with whom Jesus had actually, in physical form, walked. The second point on which I would like to comment is found on page 81 where reference is made to how John defines the uniqueness of Christ's relationship with God. "Jesus saith unto her, Touch me not; for he is not yet ascended to my Father, and your Father; and to my God, and your God." The Second Article states that it is this passage which shows the uniqueness of Christ's relationship with God and "clearly distances the kind of relationship Jesus had with the Father from that of other humans." Undisputable is the fact that, indeed, Christ had a unique relationship with the Father. He is the Father. However, that debate is for another time. That being said, the passage in John which was quoted as evidence of Jesus distancing His relationship with God from that of His believers is not accurate. Looking at the passage in context, Christ appeared before Mary after He was raised from the dead, but not yet ascended.

The Bean Trees Essay Example for Free

The Bean Trees Essay In the book, The Bean Trees, Taylor is the central character and one whose outlook on life, sense of humor and intellectual make up, serve as the motivation behind the central themes in the book. Within the book, Taylor has three goals in life: to graduate high school without getting pregnant, to get as far away from Pittman as possible and to change her name. She seeks a whole new identity out in the West and has a â€Å"can-do† attitude in the face of opposition and the experience of witnessing a great deal of pain, oppression and the darker side of people, yet she still continues to be an interesting and uplifting character within The Bean Trees. Taylor has a sympathetic side to her when she meets Turtle and Esperenza. There are few individuals who, when faced with raising another person’s child through the unexpected way in which Turtle was left with Taylor, would still decide to give raise that child as their own. Most would have felt sympathetic fore the child but would not have spent an entire lifetime raising the child. But that is what a young and unmarried Taylor decided to do. Also, when Taylor realizes that this individual is not a baby but rather an undersized and malnourished victim of sexual abuse, Taylor does not let the severity of her Turtle’s situation dissuade her from continuing to raise the child as her own while facing an almost certain life of abject poverty and hopelessness. This abuse that is experienced by Turtle does not quell Taylor’s lust for live and her belief in the goodness of people. She is not naive about the dark side of people but chooses rather to hold firm to the friendships that she has formed with other women. In this way, she serves as an archetypal hero in the fact that she leaves her home and family, descends into poverty and hopelessness, only to reemerge in order to accomplish some good for the people around her; specifically, her new daughter Turtle and her friends from Guatemala, Esperanza and Estevan. She also serves as a unique and independent character in the fact that her happiness and her success does not rely upon the actions or assistance of men. The men that she does befriend, serve as a strictly platonic relationship and are not central to the intellectual make up of Taylor. Taylor learns to grow up fast as she is now a mother with a troubled and young child. What complicated and threatens her upbeat and optimistic look on life is when she becomes aware of the plight of immigrants and a system, in her mind, which has left them behind. This comes with the befriending of Esperanza once Taylor decides that the only job left to take is working at Mattie’s tire barn. She cares for her child with the same tender heart that she cares for the plight of Estevan and Esperanza. Estevan’s outlook on life seems to shape Taylor’s as well. â€Å"Estevan explains that in hell people do not help one another, but in heaven they do.† Taylor takes to heart the troubles of others. In the end, receives as much from her friends as she gave. Even though Taylor is portrayed as an independent woman and a different type of heroine, she still requires the support that she gets from these people. In this way, her outlook on life is one that cannot be reco nciled without good people surrounding her. Taylor’s outlook on life comes from social consciousness through the treatment of immigrants by the government and the injustice that, in her mind, shapes her opinion about social issues as it has the same effect on Kingsolver, the author of The Bean Trees. But in the end, her humor and optimistic outlook on life cannot help but be increased through her newfound sense of motherhood. â€Å"It didn’t seem to matter to Turtle, she was happy where she was. . . . She watched the dark highway and entertained me with her vegetable-soup song, except that now there were people mixed in with the beans and potatoes: Dwayne Ray, Mattie, Esperanza, Lou Ann and all the rest. And me. I was the main ingredient.† It has become established that Turtle finally defines Taylor as being her true mother and the woman that has cared enough to take care of her when it was not convenient to do so. And lastly, the fact that Taylor now defines herself as being the main ingredient in the happiness and well being of Turtle, her only daughter is what keeps Taylor optimistic and upbeat in the fact of contributing factors that would cause the weaker individual to give in and become embittered by those experiences. The story ends with the reader being convinced that Taylor and Turtle will live a full and enjoyable life, despite the probability that there will be more troubles to come. WORKS CITED Kingsolver, Barbara. The Bean Trees. New York: Harper Collins, 1988.

Effect of Sleep on Academic Performance

Effect of Sleep on Academic Performance Abstract Several studies have reported that a lack of sleep will negatively affect GPA.[FW1] Many others indicated that lack of sleep would also impair cognitive functions in all aspects[FW2]. This study is designed to determine if a sleep will have an impact on academic performance as well as look for a difference between male and female performance. To test this, 100 undergraduate students ages 18-24 will be randomly assigned to one of two condition. One group will be sleep deprived while the other will not, then both groups will take an exam with select math and literature questions taken from the SAT. It is expected that the participants not sleep deprived will score significantly lower than those in the standard sleep group. It is also expected that there will be no significant difference of male and female scores in either the sleep deprived or standard sleep conditions. This will demonstrate that sleep does affect academic performance in both males and females. Keywords: Sleep, Academics, Undergraduate, Students, Deprivation   Effect of Sleep on Academic Performance in Undergraduate Students Humans rely on sleep to help function during the day or during the night.[FW4]The ability for one to learn can be drastically effected by whether or not he/she gets enough sleep the night before. According to one study, it has been found that lack of sleep has negative affect on both memory recall and memory formation (Longordo, Kopp, Là ¼thi, 2009). This is a problem many college students face. When the students need to complete assignments or study for an exam they will often stay up all night and not sleep, hoping to get the paper complete or memorize the information so their grade will reflect how well they understand the material being taught. The problem here is that a lack of sleep makes academic success more difficult to achieve. There is a negative feedback loop demonstrating this predicament; the student stays awake studying or working, then does not receive the desired grade because memory recall is far more difficult, now the thought process is that more studying is req uired for the next exam or assignment, so the student stays up later. This sleep deprivation does not only come from the need to study or complete assignments. Because college is expensive many students get jobs to help pay the tuition (Chiang, Arendt, Zheng, Hanisch, 2014). Because the employed students are not the only ones needing help staying awake while doing assignments or during a lecture, they find alternative methods. As a way to help undergraduates stay awake, they consume energy drinks[FW5]. Energy drinks and their connection to sleep continue to negatively affect student performance. A study conducted by Champlin, Pasch and Perry found that there is a significant correlation between lower grade point average (GPA) and the consumption of energy drinks (2016). Because there are several ways sleep impacts student performance, this researcher intends to continue this area study. The researcher aims to demonstrate that there is a correlation between the amount of sleep a student gets and his/her ability to complete an exam. The hope is that the re will be a significant difference in scores between the two groups, indicating that the amount of sleep an undergraduate student gets the night before an exam will contribute to their score. This is important because it may help students understand that staying up is not the solution to success; therefore, they will may look for healthier and more beneficial study techniques to help them increase their academic performance. The researcher will also look at the difference in scores between sexes in each conditions. It is desired that there will be little difference between these scores, which will show that both male and female students have similar levels of understanding and that sleep has an effect on both sexes. The discovery that lack of sleep can be dangerous led to an article that stated that sleep is a biological necessity (Gilbert Weaver, 2010). It has been found that much like how the absence of eating leads to health concerns and eventual death, the absence of sleep will eventually have these same side effects. The research conducted by Gilbert and Weaver (2010) found that there is a significant negative correlation between poor sleep quality and GPA. This adds to the validity of a study done in 2008 [FW6]which indicated that students with GPAs over 3.0 reported that they were less likely to engage in all-nighters while students with GPAs of 2.5 report occasionally performing this action, and students with 2.0 and lower said that they conduct all-nighters frequently (Thacher[FW7]). This indicates a need for sleep if a student strives to be successful in their college career. In 1997[FW8], two researchers reported that students being sleep deprived were fatigued and had an increase in confusion, which caused those in the sleep-deprived group to struggle in their performance (Pilcher Walters). This may indicate that sleep deprivation[FW9] (SD) does not directly affect student performance instead; it creates the conditions that will impair student success. Another study also demonstrates that SD is not directly affecting the students. Engle-Friedman, Riela, Golan, Ventuneac, Davis, Jefferson, Major (2002) conducted an experiment with results that showed SD students, when given a choice, are significantly more likely to choose questions that are of less difficulty than students who had a normal amount of sleep. They also learned that even though the SD group selected easier questions they still scored less than the other group who chose more difficult questions. It was determined that being sleep deprived causes students to put forth less effort than people not sleep deprived. Even though lack of sleep makes it difficult to focus and makes students want to take t he easiest path to the finish, there are also emotional and physiological effects. Brown, Buboltz, and Soper reported that when people are sleep deprived they suffer an emotional imbalance. This imbalance causes the student to have a low sense of life satisfaction. Accompaning this is for depression and anger (2006). The research conducted by Brown et a. 2006 supports that done by Pilcher and Walters (1997) in that both found that the lack of sleep caused fatigue and confusion. Another more serious physiological effect that arises when the body does not rest enough is that it lessens the production of T cells. This is dangerous because T cells work with the immune system, when the immune system becomes weaker the body is more suseptable to infections and diseases (Longordo, Kopp, Là ¼thi, 2009). This can be a problem for students because if they are too sick to attend class they will fall behind leading to another reason lack of sleep harms GPA, because one cannot learn the information if they are not present. Sleep disorders have a major affect on the academic p erformance of students because they cause sleep deprivation. A study done with 1,845 participants showed that 27% of the students with a GPA less than or equal to 2.0 were at high risk of having a sleep disorder (Gaultney, 2010). Because sleep deprivation has had such a major impact on the GPA in college students, researchers set out to discover what range of sleep is effecting the students. They found a significant difference in GPA between students that had a maximum of 6 hours of sleep compared to the students that Routinely had 9 or more hours of sleep; however, they did not find a statistically significant difference between students that received 7-8 hours and those that had less than 6 nor was the difference significantly different between the students geeting 9 or more hours and those getting 7-8 hours of sleep (Kelly, Kelly, Clanton, 2001). Getting enough sleep is not enough to earn a good GPA, the student must also apply themsenves and be dedicated to the courses they are taking. Because of this the researcher will try to determine just how much sleep effects a students GPA or are they just not applying themselves to be successful. To solve this the following method will be used. Method Participants There will be 100 undergraduate [FW10]students between the ages of 18-24 recruited from Central Washington University (CWU). This range is being selected because it is the most common undergraduate age. All ages are being selected because the researcher wants to view the effect on all undergraduates not just freshman, sophomore etc. Materials There will be a questionnaire with questions such as did you wake up after falling asleep? (see appendix E for all questions) for the participants in the standard sleep time group. There will be a test which will have 20 questions taken from the SAT, 10 questions will be mathematics such as Which of the following is equal to sin(à Ã¢â€š ¬/5)? (see appendix C for questions and appendix D for solutions) calculators will be provided to all participants. There will also be five literature questions formulate the test. Participants will be shown an informed consent prior to beginning the study (see Appendix A) and a debriefing form after completing the study (see Appendix B). Design Using an experimental design, participants will be randomly assigned into one of the two conditions. These conditions will consist of either a deprived sleep group or a standard sleep time group. The administered test contains questions from the SAT because it is a standardized test, which all CWU applicants must have taken, giving them some level of familiarity with it. Participants in the deprived sleep group will be kept awake throughout the night and morning until they have completed the test. To ensure the participants remain awake, they will stay in a laboratory where the room will be lowered to the temperature of 60 degrees Fahrenheit, which will be warm enough to avoid any form of injury, damage, or illness yet help prevent the participants from sleeping. Music will play over a loudspeaker for 20 minutes every hour and there will an option of coffee until 2 hours before the test. The participants in the standard sleep time group will be allowed to sleep at their own residence and will return to take the test, when they return they will fill out a questionnaire. Both groups will proceed to take the same test at 12pm. The beginning of the test will have a demographic to determine if sex have an effect on the data. The data will be analyzed based on the number of correct test questions in each group. An ANOVA with alpha = .05 will be performed to determine if there is a significant difference between the deprived sleep and standard sleep time groups, as well as to see if there is a significant difference between male and female performance in each group. Procedure To begin the research all participants will be randomly assigned into one of the two conditions then they will be shown a consent form to read and agree to, if a participant does not agree they will be thanked for their time and asked to leave. The participants that agree to the informed consent form will be randomly assigned into 14 groups. Each group will be designated a day of the week within the next 14 days to take their test. There will be three participants from both groups to take the test each day; this is because of limited space in the lab. Those in the deprived sleep group will be asked to return to the lab by 9pm to be kept awake and the standard sleep group will be asked to sleep for at least 8 hours. Before the test begins, the standard sleep group will be given a questionnaire to fill out as a way to determine if they received the necessary amount of sleep, if they do not meet the required 8 hours they will be given a debriefing form and dismissed as to not contaminat e the data. Both groups will be required to be in the lab at 12pm to take the test. Before starting the test, each participant will be given a TI-83 calculator to assist in the math portion of the test. When a participant completes the test, he/she will return the calculator and then be given a debriefing form explaining the purpose of the study, if he/she is in the deprived sleep group they will be encouraged to go home and sleep. Results The data will be analyzed using an ANOVA. The researcher does not expect a significant difference between sexes in either group, this will show that sleep effects both male and female. The researcher does expect that the individuals will have significantly different scores based on the condition they were assigned to. Specifically, the participants in the deprived sleep group will score lower on both the math and literature than the participants in the standard sleep time condition. This will indicate that sleep does significantly affect the academic performance in undergraduate students. Discussion This study will set out to discover if and/or how sleep effects undergraduate academics and if these effects vary between sexes. The results should support previous research, which has indicated that the amount of sleep students get over the course of a quarter does have an effect on their GPA. It should be reported that students deprived of sleep have a lower score and that there is little to no difference in the scores between sexes. However, several limitations that may arise could have an effect on the results. Because the students are free to opt out of the study at any point, attrition will likely be evident. This would likely occur in the sleep-deprived condition because they may start out enthusiastic but become unwilling to sacrifice sleep to continue participation. Another limitation in the sleep-deprived condition would be from the students that physically could not stay awake which would disqualify them from the study. The test being administered to the students may also have an effect on the collected data. This is because some students may be more proficient in math and literature due to the classes they have already taken. In addition, the questions are being taken from the SAT to give the students a familiarity but many of them would not have taken the exam for many years. The students in the standard sleep time condition may lie on the questionnaire as to not be disqualified from the study. There are some possible ways to solve for these limitations. Having the standard sleep time condition, sleep in a lab where they can be monitored would eliminate the possibility of not knowing if they truly obtained the necessary sleep. Not using such a wide age range could reduce the risk of unfamiliarity with SAT questions as well as narrowing the proficiency gap. Future research could add a time limit, which would help to simulate a real class exam. They may also compare male and female scores between conditions to determine if sleep has an effect on both or just one sex. A practical application to this researchers findings would be knowing whether sleep does or does not have an effect on academic performance, which could be used to inform the students on the effects of sleep. This would benefit people because they would know that having enough sleep will help them do better in school which plays a major role in ones future. Understanding this could lead to an increase in average student GPA and in turn the graduation rates. The knowledge of the difference in scores between sexes could also be used to determine if one sex has the potential for the need of more assistance to learn the material being presented. References   Brown, F. C., Buboltz, W. C., Soper, B. (2006). Development and evaluation of the sleep treatment and education program for students (STEPS). Journal of American College Health, 54, 231-237. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.ezp.lib.cwu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=c01bec01-699f-4217-997e-ada931c678d4%40sessionmgr4006vid=11hid=4105 Champlin, S. E., Pasch, K. E., Perry, C. L. (2016). Is the consumption of energy drinks associated with academic achievement among college students? The Journal of Primary Prevention, 37, 345-359. doi:10.1007/s10935-016-0437-4 Chiang, Y.-C., Arendt, S. W., Zheng, T., Hanisch, K. A. (2014). The effects of sleep on academic performance and job performance. College Student Journal, 48, 72-87. doi:10.1037/t05178-000 Engle-Friedman, M., Riela, S., Golan, R., Ventuneac, A. M., Davis, C. M., Jefferson, A. D., Major, D. (2003). The effect of sleep loss on next day effort. Journal of Sleep Research, 12, 113-124. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.ezp.lib.cwu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=c01bec01-699f-4217-997e-ada931c678d4%40sessionmgr4006vid=17hid=4105 Gaultney, J. F. (2010). The prevalence of sleep disorders in college students: Impact on academic performance. Journal of American College Health, 59, 91-97. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.ezp.lib.cwu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=c01bec01-699f-4217-997e-ada931c678d4%40sessionmgr4006vid=20hid=4105 Gilbert, S. P., Weaver, C. C. (2010). Sleep quality and academic performance in university students: A wake-up call for college psychologists. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 24, 295-306. doi:10.1080/87568225.2010.509245 Kelly, W. E., Kelly, K. E., Clanton, R. C. (2001). The relationship between sleep length and grade-point average among college students. College Student Journal, 35, 84-86. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.ezp.lib.cwu.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=c01bec01-699f-4217-997e-ada931c678d4%40sessionmgr4006vid=26hid=4105 Longordo, F., Kopp, C., Là ¼thi, A. (2009). Consequences of sleep deprivation on neurotransmitter receptor expression and function. European Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 1810-1819. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06719.x Pilcher, J. J., Walters, A. S. (1997). How sleep deprivation affects psychological variables related to college students cognitive performance. Journal of American College Health, 46, 121-126. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.ezp.lib.cwu.edu/ehost/detail/detail?sid=c01bec01-699f-4217-997e-ada931c678d4%40sessionmgr4006vid=29hid=4105bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=1997-42387-003db=psyh Thacher, P. V. (2008). University students and the all-nighter: Correlates and patterns of students engagement in a single night of total sleep deprivation. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 6, 16-31. doi:10.1080/15402000701796114 Appendix A Study Title: Sleep and Academics Principal Investigator(s): Eric Flowers Contact: [emailprotected] What you should know about this study: You are being asked to join a research study. This consent form explains the research study and your part in the study. Please read it carefully and take as much time as you need. Ask questions about anything you do not understand now, or when you think of them later. You are a volunteer. If you do join the study and change your mind later, you may quit at any time without fear of penalty or loss of benefits. Why is this research being done? This research is being done to discover if sleep changes performance. Who can take part in this study? The basic eligibility criterion for one to participate is that they must be an enrolled undergraduate student between the ages 18 and 24. Must be able to read and write English. The expected number of participants is to be around 100. What will happen if you join this study? If you agree to be in this study, we will ask you to do the following things: Once the study has been selected, you will be shown an informed consent. Once read and accepted, the participant will be asked return to the lab by 9pm to be kept awake until completion of the test starting at 12pm the next day or will be instructed to sleep for between 8 and 9 hours at their own residence and return by 11:30am to fill out a questionnaire before taking the test. The total time it will take to complete this study is between 15.5 and 16.5 hours. What are the risks or discomforts of the study? The risks and discomforts in this study are exhaustion, extreme tiredness and fatigue if in the deprived sleep group. The discomfort for the standard sleep time group may be from sitting down during the questionnaire and test. Are there benefits to being in the study? There is not benefit to you from being in this study. If you take part in this study, you will help further research in the link between sleep and academics. What are your options if you do not want to be in the study? For all participants:You do not have to join this study. If you do not join, it will not affect any benefits to which you are entitled. Can you leave the study early? You can agree to be in the study now and change your mind later. If you wish to stop at any time, please tell us immediately. What information about you will be kept private and what information may be given out? No defining characteristics will be asked of you. The only characteristics needed for this study are gender and age. This way, confidentiality can be assured. Data collected may be used for future research. What other things should you know about this research study? a. What is the Institutional Review Board (IRB) and how does it protect you? This study has been reviewed by the CWU Human Subject Review Council. HSRC is made up of faculty from many different departments, ethicists, nurses, scientists, non-scientists and people from the local community. The HSRCs purpose is to review human research studies and to protect the rights and welfare of the people participating in those studies. You may contact the HSRC if you have questions about your rights as a participant or if you think you have not been treated fairly. The HSRC office number is (509) 963-3115. b.What do you do if you have questions about the study? Call the principal investigator, Eric Flowers, at (253) 797-6777. If you think you are injured or ill as a result of being in this study, call the principal investigator, Eric Flowers at (253) 797-6777. If you have an urgent problem related to your participation in this study, call the Student Medical and Counseling Clinic at 963-1881. This study is not able to offer financial compensation nor to absorb the costs of medical treatment should you be injured as a result of participating in this research. However, the services at the Student Medical and Counseling Clinic will be open to you as they are to all students. What does your signature on this consent form mean? By signing this consent form, you are not giving up any legal rights. Your signature means that you understand the study plan, have been able to ask questions about the information given to you in this form, and you are willing to participate under the conditions we have described. A copy of the form will be given to you. Participants Name (print): Participants Signature: Date: Signature of Investigator(s): Eric Flowers Date: Appendix B This study is concerned with the effect of sleep on academic performance in undergraduate students. How was this tested? In this study, you were asked to participate after signing a consent form. You were asked to return complete a test to the best of your ability. One group was instructed to return to the lab to be kept awake from 9pm until the completed the test which started at 12pm the next day. The other group was instructed to sleep for 8-9hours and return to the lab by 11:00am the next day to fill out a questionnaire which was used to determine if the amount of sleep obtained met the requirements to continue with the study. Both groups then took the test at 12pm Hypotheses and main questions: We expect to find that those in the sleep deprived group will score lower than the participants in the standard sleep time group. We do not expect to find a significant difference between sex in either group. Why is this important to study? This is important to study in order to better understand differences in sleep, and the effect it has on academic performance. This research may help students realize that not sleeping does not benefit them and will hopefully lead them to find different ways to study. Who do I contact for more information? If you have concerns about your rights as a participant in this experiment, please contact Eric Flowers at (253) 797-6777 or [emailprotected] Thank you again for your participation. Appendix C 10 Math Questions and 5 Literature Questions Measured Math The recommended daily calcium intake for a 20-year-old is 1,000 milligrams (mg). One cup of milk contains 299 mg of calcium and one cup of juice contains 261 mg of calcium. Which of the following inequalities represents the possible number of cups of milk m and cups of juice j a 20-year-old could drink in a day to meet or exceed the recommended daily calcium intake from these drinks alone? 299m + 261j à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1,000 299m + 261j > 1,000 299/m + 261/j à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1,000 299/m + 261/j > 1,000 A research assistant randomly selected 75 undergraduate students from the list of all students enrolled in the psychology-degree program at a large university. She asked each of the 75 students, How many minutes per day do you typically spend reading? The mean reading time in the sample was 89 minutes, and the margin of error for this estimate was 4.28 minutes. Another research assistant intends to replicate the survey and will attempt to get a smaller margin of error. Which of the following samples will most likely result in a smaller margin of error for the estimated mean time students in the psychology-degree program read per day? 40 randomly selected undergraduate psychology-degree program students. 40 randomly selected undergraduate students from all degree programs at the college. 300 randomly selected undergraduate psychology-degree program students. 300 randomly selected undergraduate students from all degree programs at the college. 3. The first metacarpal bone is located in the wrist. The scatterplot below shows the relationship between the length of the first metacarpal bone and height for 9 people. The line of best fit is also shown. How many of the nine people have an actual height that differs by more than 3 centimeters from the height predicted by the line of best fit?      Ã‚   2 4 6 9 4. A survey was conducted among a randomly chosen sample of U.S. citizens about U.S. voter participation in the November 2012 presidential election. The table below displays a summary of the survey results. Reported Voting by Age (in thousands) Voted Did Not Vote No Response Total 18- to 34-year-olds 30,329 23,211 9,468 63,008 35- to 54-year-olds 47,085 17,721 9,476 74,282 55- to 74-year-olds 43,075 10,092 6,831 59,998 People 75 years old and over 12,459 3,508 1,827 17,794 Total 132,948 54,532 27,602 215,082 Of the 18- to 34-year-olds who reported voting, 500 people were selected at random to do a follow-up survey